@font-face {
  font-family: 'DM Sans';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-0.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'DM Sans';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-1.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'DM Sans';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-2.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'DM Sans';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-3.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Tight';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 400;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-4.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Tight';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 500;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-5.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Tight';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 600;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-6.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Tight';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 700;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-7.woff2) format('woff2');
}
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Inter Tight';
  font-style: normal;
  font-weight: 800;
  font-display: swap;
  src: url(/assets/fonts/font-8.woff2) format('woff2');
}

:root{--paper:#f6f6f2;--ink:#242522;--muted:#72736d;--line:#d6d7cf;--orange:#f15a38;--acid:#deef92;--sans:'Inter Tight',Arial,sans-serif;--body:'DM Sans',Arial,sans-serif}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:105px}body{margin:0;color:var(--ink);background:var(--paper);font-family:var(--body);font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}button,input{font:inherit}button,a{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}button{color:inherit}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{display:block;width:24px;height:24px}img{max-width:100%;display:block}button:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,input:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #355afb;outline-offset:5px}::selection{background:var(--acid);color:var(--ink)}[hidden]{display:none!important}.frame,.shell{width:min(1560px,calc(100% - 96px));margin-inline:auto}.skip-link{position:fixed;top:10px;left:10px;background:var(--ink);color:white;padding:12px;z-index:999;transform:translateY(-160%)}.skip-link:focus{transform:none}.masthead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:60;background:rgba(246,246,242,.97);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);backdrop-filter:blur(14px)}.masthead-inner{height:88px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:40px}.brand{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;flex:none}.wordmark{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:36px;line-height:1;font-weight:750;letter-spacing:-2px}.brand-stop{color:var(--orange)}.desktop-nav{display:flex;gap:32px;align-items:center;margin-left:auto}.desktop-nav a{font-size:14px;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.desktop-nav a:after{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:-5px;height:1px;background:var(--ink);transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left;transition:transform .25s}.desktop-nav a:hover:after{transform:scaleX(1)}sup{font-size:14px;font-weight:500;position:relative;top:-.1em;margin-left:3px}.header-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:22px}.icon-button{width:42px;height:42px;display:grid;place-items:center;border:0;background:none;padding:8px}.icon-button svg{width:22px;height:22px}.header-cta{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:25px;background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);padding:13px 18px;border:1px solid var(--ink);font-size:14px;transition:background .2s,color .2s}.header-cta svg{width:16px;height:16px}.header-cta:hover{background:var(--acid);color:var(--ink)}.menu-toggle{display:none}.mobile-nav{padding-bottom:24px}.hero{padding-top:26px}.hero-topline{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:14px;font-weight:550;letter-spacing:.08em}.hero-main{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.8fr 1fr;gap:30px;align-items:end;padding:46px 0 44px}.hero h1{font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:450;letter-spacing:-.055em;font-size:clamp(64px,6.9vw,112px);line-height:.98;margin:0}.hero h1>span{color:#83867b}.hero-aside{padding:0 0 2px;max-width:360px;margin-left:auto}.hero-index{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.065em;color:var(--muted)}.hero-aside p{font-size:16px;line-height:1.55;margin:16px 0 22px}.text-link{font-size:14px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:24px;line-height:1.3;border-bottom:1px solid currentColor;padding-bottom:7px}.text-link svg{width:16px;height:16px;transition:transform .2s}.text-link:hover svg{transform:translate(3px,-3px)}.text-link>span{font-size:20px;line-height:.8}.hero-bottom{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:22px 0 25px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:14px;color:#63655d}.hero-bottom>span:last-child{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.07em;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px}.hero-bottom i{width:16px;height:1px;background:#91938a}.research-section{scroll-margin-top:88px}.collection-toolbar{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:19px 0 24px}.topic-tabs{display:flex;gap:8px;overflow-x:auto;scrollbar-width:none}.topic-tabs::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.topic-tab{border:1px solid transparent;background:none;border-radius:3px;padding:10px 14px;font-size:14px;white-space:nowrap;transition:background .2s,color .2s}.topic-tab sup{margin-left:5px;color:#74776c}.topic-tab:hover{background:#e9eae3}.topic-tab.is-active{background:var(--ink);color:white}.topic-tab.is-active sup{color:#c1c5b6}.collection-label{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.05em;white-space:nowrap;color:#6e7168}.editorial-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:36px 22px}.edit-card{min-width:0}.card-link{display:block}.editorial-cover{aspect-ratio:1.29;position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:23px;border-radius:3px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;isolation:isolate;transition:transform .5s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1)}.cover-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:14px;font-weight:550;letter-spacing:.07em;position:relative;z-index:2}.editorial-cover h3{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:clamp(38px,4.15vw,66px);letter-spacing:-.045em;font-weight:500;line-height:.97;margin:auto 0;position:relative;z-index:2;transition:transform .6s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1)}.cover-sub{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.015em;position:relative;z-index:2}.cover-open{position:absolute;right:16px;bottom:16px;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);width:39px;height:39px;display:grid;place-items:center;z-index:4;transform:translateY(65px);transition:transform .35s;border-radius:2px}.cover-open svg{width:18px;height:18px}.card-link:hover .cover-open,.card-link:focus-visible .cover-open{transform:translateY(0)}.card-link:hover .editorial-cover h3{transform:translateY(-5px)}.card-detail{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:15px;padding-top:15px}.card-category{font-size:14px;color:#797c70}.card-detail h2{font-family:var(--body);font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-.02em;font-weight:500;margin:5px 0 0;line-height:1.3}.card-arrow{flex:none;transition:transform .3s}.card-arrow svg{width:17px;height:17px}.card-link:hover .card-arrow{transform:translate(3px,-3px)}
.cover-cost{background:#f15a38;color:#441a16}.cover-cost h3{font-weight:650;font-size:clamp(54px,5.65vw,90px);line-height:.83;margin-top:27px;margin-bottom:auto;letter-spacing:-.055em}.cover-cost .cover-sub{border-top:1px solid #762f2450;padding-top:12px}.cover-process{color:#fff;background:#494a35}.cover-process img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;z-index:-2;filter:brightness(.57);transition:transform .7s,filter .7s}.cover-process:after{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(0,0,0,.28),transparent 80%);z-index:-1}.cover-process h3{font-size:clamp(44px,4.35vw,68px);font-weight:450;align-self:flex-start;margin-top:auto;margin-bottom:24px}.card-link:hover .cover-process img{transform:scale(1.055);filter:brightness(.68)}.cover-teams{background:#dfe9c3}.cover-teams h3{font-size:clamp(33px,3.2vw,48px);line-height:1.03;margin:31px 0 20px}.cover-team-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-bottom:auto;max-width:300px}.cover-team-list span{padding:6px 9px;border:1px solid #44482e50;font-size:14px}.cover-versus{background:#dfe5ea;color:#253951}.cover-versus h3{font-size:clamp(43px,4.8vw,75px);font-weight:550;line-height:.86;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:0}.custom-word{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:clamp(37px,4.05vw,63px);font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.04em;margin-bottom:auto;line-height:.9;margin-top:15px;color:#dfe5ea;background:#253951;display:block;padding:10px 8px 13px;align-self:flex-end;transform:rotate(-5deg);transition:transform .5s}.card-link:hover .custom-word{transform:rotate(0)}.cover-app{background:#302bc3;color:#e8e3f7}.cover-app h3{font-size:clamp(46px,4.6vw,73px);font-weight:450;line-height:.96}.cover-app .cover-sub{color:#bfbef0}.cover-market{background:#e8bdb8;color:#573737}.cover-market h3{font-size:clamp(50px,5.1vw,81px);font-weight:500;line-height:.92}.cover-market h3:after{content:'← →';display:block;font-size:44px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:20px;margin-top:20px}.cover-time{background:#222721;color:#ddefa3}.cover-time h3{font-size:clamp(46px,4.85vw,77px);font-weight:600;line-height:.86}.cover-time .cover-sub{color:#b8c1a6}.cover-freelancer{background:#f1cb69;color:#302d28}.cover-freelancer h3{font-size:clamp(55px,5.8vw,90px);font-weight:450}.cover-scope{background:#dfded6;color:#45493e}.cover-scope h3{font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-size:clamp(53px,5.3vw,84px);line-height:.95;letter-spacing:-.05em}.cover-native{background:#a8c9c7;color:#153e3c}.cover-native h3{font-weight:650;font-size:clamp(47px,4.8vw,76px)}.cover-validate{background:#dedfda}.cover-validate h3{font-weight:600;font-size:clamp(57px,6vw,94px);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-underline-offset:18px}.cover-market-cost{background:#603726;color:#f7cca6}.cover-london{background:#e15b48;color:#4c2723}.cover-london h3{font-size:clamp(43px,4.6vw,73px);font-weight:600}.cover-cofounder{background:#bcbbe0;color:#292d51}.collection-bottom{padding:35px 0 68px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}.collection-bottom>span{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.055em}.outline-button{border:1px solid #b7baae;background:none;padding:14px 20px;font-size:14px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:65px;color:var(--ink);transition:background .2s}.outline-button:hover{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper)}.outline-button span{font-size:20px;line-height:1}.perspective-strip{overflow:hidden;padding:26px 0 31px;background:var(--acid);border-block:1px solid #c8d286}.perspective-strip>div{width:max-content;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:clamp(48px,7.6vw,120px);line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.05em;animation:perspective 38s linear infinite}.perspective-strip span{color:#7c8c46}@keyframes perspective{to{transform:translateX(-50%)}}.directory-edit{padding-block:90px 80px}.section-intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.55fr 1fr;gap:60px;align-items:end;margin-bottom:45px}.eyebrow{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.07em;line-height:1.4}.section-intro h2,.method-copy h2{font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:450;font-size:clamp(48px,5.25vw,84px);letter-spacing:-.045em;line-height:1;margin:22px 0 0}.section-intro h2 span,.method-copy h2 span{color:#858879}.section-intro>div:last-child{margin-bottom:3px}.section-intro p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 25px}.partner-rows{border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.partner-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:54px 1.25fr 1fr 100px 24px;align-items:center;gap:20px;padding:25px 12px 25px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);transition:padding .3s,background .3s}.partner-number{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}.partner-row h3{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:32px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.04em;margin:0}.partner-specialism{font-size:14px;color:#73776b}.partner-location{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.05em;color:#73776b}.partner-row>svg{width:20px;height:20px}.partner-row:hover{background:#eaece3;padding-left:15px}.affiliation{font-size:14px;color:#818477;margin:20px 0 0}.affiliation a{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.affiliation svg{width:11px;height:11px}.method-edit{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;margin-bottom:96px;background:#e8eae0}.method-image{aspect-ratio:1.14;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.method-image img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;filter:grayscale(1);transition:filter .6s}.method-image:hover img{filter:grayscale(0)}.method-image>span{position:absolute;bottom:22px;left:24px;font-size:14px;color:white;letter-spacing:.08em;background:#242522;padding:8px 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p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;color:#aab09e;margin:17px 0 0}.footer-links nav{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px;font-size:14px}.footer-links nav>span,.footer-edition>span{font-size:14px;color:#aab09e;margin-bottom:9px}.footer-links nav a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:4px}.footer-edition p{margin:2px 0 20px;font-size:18px}.footer-edition a{font-size:14px;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:5px}.footer-legal{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:15px;border-top:1px solid #51574c;padding:23px 0 25px;font-size:14px;color:#aab09e}.footer-legal a{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.search-dialog{border:0;border-radius:3px;padding:30px;width:min(760px,calc(100% - 32px));max-height:85vh;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);box-shadow:0 24px 100px #0003}.search-dialog::backdrop{background:#171b17bb;backdrop-filter:blur(6px)}.search-dialog-top{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px}.search-dialog h2{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:34px;letter-spacing:-.04em;font-weight:450;margin:0}.search-dialog .search-close{font-size:30px;font-weight:400}.search-field{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:15px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--ink);padding:20px 0 15px;margin-top:8px}.search-field input{border:0;background:none;outline:none;min-width:0;flex:1;font-size:16px;color:var(--ink)}.search-field svg{flex:none;width:20px}.search-field kbd{font:14px var(--body);color:var(--muted);border:1px solid var(--line);padding:3px}.search-status{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted);margin:22px 0 10px}.search-list a{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:16px 0;font-size:14px}.search-list a>span:last-child{font-size:14px;color:var(--muted);white-space:nowrap}.search-list a:hover{color:#4742bd}.search-empty{font-size:15px;padding:30px 0}.read-progress{height:2px;background:var(--orange);position:fixed;top:87px;left:0;z-index:65;width:0}.hub-intro h1,.article-head h1,.method-hero h1{font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:450;line-height:1.02;letter-spacing:-.045em}.article-head{background:var(--paper)}.article-head-grid{padding:55px 0;gap:60px}.article-head h1{font-size:clamp(42px,5.8vw,88px)}.article-kicker,.article-breadcrumb{font-size:14px}.article-signal{border-radius:3px;background:#dfe9c3;color:var(--ink)}.article-signal span,.article-signal small{color:#6d7755;font-size:14px}.article-signal strong{font-weight:450;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:33px}.article-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,820px) 270px;gap:80px}.article-copy{font-size:17px;line-height:1.8}.article-copy h2{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:32px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.03em}.article-copy>.answer{background:#e9eddf;border:0;border-left:2px solid #9dab7a;border-radius:0;font-size:21px;line-height:1.5}.article-copy p{color:#555c4c}.article-copy table{font-size:14px}.article-copy th{background:#e9eddf}.aside-block{border-radius:3px;padding:23px;font-size:14px}.aside-block>span,.aside-links a{font-size:14px}.aside-block--dark{background:#232720}.article-aside{top:118px}.hub-intro{padding-top:55px}.hub-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:30px 22px}.hub-visual{border-radius:3px;padding:25px}.hub-visual>span,.hub-visual>small{font-size:14px}.hub-visual>strong{font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:500;font-size:37px;line-height:1.04}.hub-caption{height:auto;min-height:70px}.hub-caption b{font-weight:500}.method-hero{gap:70px;min-height:430px}.method-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:22px}.method-grid>div{border-radius:3px;min-height:300px;background:#e8eae0}.method-grid span{font-size:14px}.method-grid h2{font-family:var(--sans);font-weight:500;font-size:34px}.method-grid p{font-size:16px}.hub-caption .avatar{display:none}
@media(min-width:801px){.hero h1{animation:hero-in .85s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) both}.hero-aside{animation:hero-in .8s .12s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) both}.editorial-grid{animation:hero-in .9s .18s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1) both}}@keyframes hero-in{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
@media(min-width:1650px){.editorial-cover h3{font-size:66px}.cover-cost h3{font-size:94px}.cover-teams h3{font-size:50px}.cover-versus h3{font-size:80px}.custom-word{font-size:65px}.cover-app h3{font-size:78px}.cover-market h3{font-size:86px}.cover-time h3{font-size:82px}.cover-freelancer h3{font-size:96px}.cover-scope h3{font-size:90px}.cover-native h3{font-size:81px}.cover-validate h3{font-size:100px}.cover-london h3{font-size:75px}}
@media(max-width:1190px){.frame,.shell{width:calc(100% - 64px)}.masthead-inner{gap:24px}.desktop-nav{gap:21px}.desktop-nav a{font-size:14px}.header-actions{gap:10px}.header-cta{gap:12px;padding:12px}.wordmark{font-size:32px}.hero h1{font-size:7.2vw}.hero-aside p{font-size:14px}.hero-main{grid-template-columns:1.7fr 1fr;gap:20px}.collection-label{display:none}.editorial-grid{gap:30px 18px}.editorial-cover{padding:19px}.cover-top{font-size:14px}.cover-teams h3{margin-top:26px;margin-bottom:14px}.cover-team-list span{font-size:14px;padding:4px 7px}.cover-sub{font-size:14px}.method-copy{padding:30px}.partner-row{grid-template-columns:35px 1.2fr 1fr 65px 24px}.partner-row h3{font-size:28px}.article-wrap{gap:45px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 260px}}
@media(max-width:950px){.desktop-nav{gap:18px}.desktop-nav a:last-child{display:none}.hero-topline{font-size:14px}.hero-aside{max-width:285px}.hero-index{font-size:14px}.hero-aside p{font-size:14px}.hero-main{padding-top:40px}.hero h1{font-size:7.3vw}.cover-team-list{gap:5px}.cover-teams h3{font-size:30px}.partner-specialism{font-size:14px}.footer-links{grid-template-columns:1.3fr 1fr 1fr}.footer-edition{display:none}.method-edit{margin-bottom:65px}.method-copy h2{font-size:39px}.method-copy p{font-size:14px}.method-copy .eyebrow{font-size:14px}}
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@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*:before,*:after{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}.perspective-strip>div{transform:none}}